1. 분사의 한정용법: 명사 앞이나 뒤에서 직접 수식.
①전위수식 (앞에서 수식)
* Who is the sleeping baby?
②후위수식.
* I received a latter written in English.
= I received a latter which was written in English.
2. 서술용법
①주격보어로 쓰일 때
* He sat reading the magazine. (현재분사: 능동의 관계)
* He remained satisfied with his salary. (과거분사: 수동의 관계)
②목적격보어로 쓰일 때
* I don't like to see you disappointed.
* I saw him crossing the street. (O.C)
* Of those invited only a few came to the party.
(◇분사가 대명사를 수식할 경우 단독일지라도 뒤에 놓인다.)
3. 분사의 비교
* 자동사의 현재분사 → 진행, ∼하고 있는.
자동사의 과거분사 → 완료나 상태, ∼한, ∼해버린.
* playing children = children who are playing.
fallen leaves = leaves which are fallen. (낙엽)
(타동사의 현재분사: 능동 또는 사역, ∼시키는, ∼하게하는.
타동사의 과거분사: 수동의 뜻, ∼된, ∼당한, ∼받은.)
◇ an exciting game
= a game which excites the one. (열광적인 경기)
an excited spectator
= a spectator who is excited. (열광된 관중)
분사로 사용된 관계대명사절 속의 수동태.
The man (who was accused of killing many innocent people) was sentenced to death.
무고한 사람들을 죽인 죄로 기소된 그 남자는 사형선고를 받았다.
The man accused of killing 160 people in Oklahoma city was sentenced to death.
A girl (who was )killed in accident…사고로 죽은 어떤 소녀
(A) girl (was/is) killed…신문 헤드라인으로는 Girl Killed…
A girl kills 어떤 소녀가 사람을 죽였다.
구체적인 뉴스내용을 보도하면서, Girl who was killed in accident last night by a drunk driver, the girl’s name has not been released yet.
전투에서 부상을 당한 어떤 남자
A man (who was) wounded (in the battle)
총으로 납치당한 여성 (총/칼 부리를 겨누고)
A woman (who was) kidnapped at gun/knife point
무장강도에게 공격을 당한 여성
A lady (who was) attacked by armed robber.
병원으로 후송된 한 소년
A boy (who was) taken to the hospital
Whose name was not being released yet /and grown up to be an English educator..
*intriguing (very interesting, especially because of being strange and mysterious)
/corky news
*lubricant(a substance that you use to put oil on the parts of machine that move to make them move more smoothly)
파리에서 교육 받은 미국인
An American (who was) educated in Paris
4. 분사의 기타용법
①의사분사: 명사의 어미에 -ed를 붙여서 과거분사의 형태로 '∼을 가지
고 있는'의 뜻인 형용사로 쓰임.
* a long-tailed monkey = a monkey having a long tail.
a three-legged stool = a stool having three legs.
a blue-eyed girl = a girl who has blue eyes.
② 2형식동사 + 형용사(보어) → 형용사 + 현재분사.
* The rose smells sweet → the sweet-smelling rose. (향기나는 장미)
* The wine tastes nice → the nice-tasting wine. (맛이좋은 술)
주어 + be + p.p + by + 명사 → 명사 + p.p. + 주어.
* The fruit is dried by the sun. → the sun-dried fruit.(햇빛에 말린 과일)
* Citizens are struck by terror. → terror-stricken citizens. (공포에 질린 시민)
주어 + be + 부사 + p.p. → 부사 + p.p. + 주어.
* English is widely spoken. → widely-spoken English. (널리쓰이는 영어)
* The worker is well trained. → the well-trained worker. (잘훈련된 일꾼)
주어 + 타동사 + 목적어 → 목적어 + 현재분사 + 주어.
* The drug kills pain. → the pain-killing drug. (진통제)
* The animals eat plants. → the plant-eating animals. (초식동물)
③부사로 사용되는 분사 ⇒ 매우(very)의 뜻.
* It's biting (piercing, freezing) cold. (매우춥다)
* He got soaking wet. (그는 흠뻑 젖었다.)
④ the + 분사.
* They dying and the dead were carried on stretchers.
(죽어가는 사람들과 죽은 사람들이 들 것에 실려갔다.)
5. 분사의 시제
+---------+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| ＼ | 단순형분사(수동형) | 완료형분사(완료형 수동분사) |
+---------+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| go | going (無) | having gone (無; 자동사이므로) |
+---------+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| make | making (being made) | having made (having been made) |
+---------+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| write | writing (being written) | having written (having been written) |
+---------+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| | 주절 동사의 시제와 같음 | 주절동사의 시제보다 하나 더 과거시제 |
+---------+----------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
* Living in the country I am very health.
= As I live in the country. I am very healthy.
* Living in the country, I was very healthy.
= As I lived in the country, I was very healthy.
* Having finished my work, I have nothing to do.
= As I have finished (finished) my work, I have nothing to do.
* Having written my letter, I posted it.
= After I had written my letter, I posted it.
* While bathing in the river, he was drowned.
→ 분사구문의 뜻이 이유, 조건 등 어느 것인지 혼동을 방지하기 위해
해당 접속사를 분사구문 앞에 부가할 경우가 있다. 즉, Bathing in
the river를 As he bathed in the river로의 오역을 막기위해 While
을 두었다.
6. 분사구문의 종류
①시간 (∼할 때)
* Walking along the street, he met an old friend of mine.
= While he walked along the street, he met an old friend of mine.
* Left alone, I began to read.
= When I was left alone, I began to read.
②이유, 원인 (∼이므로)
* Not knowing what to do, I asked for his advice. (부정어는 분사 앞에)
= As I didn't know what to do, I asked for his advice.
* Tired, I went to bed early.
= As I was tired, I went to bed early.
③조건 (∼한다면)
* Turning to the right, you will find the house.
= If you turn to the right, you will find the house.
* Some books, read carelessly, will do more harm than good.
= Some books, if they are read carelessly, will do more ∼
④양보 (비록 ∼한다할지라도)
* Admitting what you say, I still don't believe it.
= Though I admit what you say, I still don't believe it.
* Born of the same parents, they bear no resemblance to each other.
= Though they were born of the same parents, they bear ∼
⑤부대상황 (동시동작: while, as; ∼하면서)
* Smiling brightly, she extended her hand.
= While she smiled brightly, she extended her hand.
* Walking on tiptoe, I approached the window.
= I walked on tiptoe and approached the window.
* Singing and dancing together, we had a good time.
= As we sang and danced together, we had a good time.
⑥부대상황 (연속동작: ∼, and + 동사; 그리고 ∼하다)
* We started in the morning, and arrived in Seoul at noon.
= We started in the morning arriving in Seoul at noon.
7. 독립분사구문: 분사구문의 의미상의 주어가 따로 있는 경우.
①때.
* The sun having set, we gave up looking for them.
= After the sun had set, we gave up looking for them.
②이유.
* It being fine, we went for a walk.
= As it was fine, we went for a walk.
③조건.
* We shall start tomorrow, weather permitting.
= We shall start tomorrow, if (the) weather permits.
④부대상황.
* He was reading a book, his wife knitting beside him.
= He was reading a book, and his wife knitting beside him.
(그는 책을 읽고 있었고, 그의 부인은 남편 옆에서 뜨게질을 하고 있었다.)
◇ Having read a book, it was thrown away. (×)
Having read a book, I was threw it away. (○)
8. Being, Having been의 생략.
: 형용사, 명사, 과거분사 앞에 쓰인 being 또는 having been은 생략가능.
분사구문의 시제가 본동사 시제와 같을 때 being이 본동사 시제보다
하나 더 과거시제일 땐 having been 생략.
* (Being) Angry at my words, he made no reply.
= As he was angry at my words, he made no reply.
* Dinner (being) over, he went out for a walk.
= When dinner was over, he went out for a walk.
* (Having been) Born in better times, he would have been a great scholar.
= If he had been born in better times, he would have been a great scholar.
9. 분사의 강조용법
* As I live in a remote village, I rarely have visitors.
= Living as I do in a remote village, I rarely have visitors.
◇분사에 사용된 동사가 live, stand, write와 같이 일반동사일 땐 do
를 사용, be 동사일 땐 be를 사용한다.
◇ being + 과거분사구문 강조 → as + 주어 + be 동사.
◇ ∼ing as it does 형.
* Standing as it does on the hill, the villa commands a fine view.
(저렇게 언덕 위에 서 있으므로, 그 별장은 전망이 좋다.)
(as; 양태접속사, it; the villa, does; stands의 대동사)
* I feel it as a rare occasion, occurring as it does only once in many years.
(몇 년 만에 한 번밖에 일어나지 않는 드문 일이라고 나는 생각한다.)
(occurring의 의미상의 주어는 occasion이다.)
10. 비인칭 독립분사구문: 분사구문의 의미상의 주어가 we, you, they,
people, one 등과 같이 막연한 일반인을 나타낼 땐 생략.
* Generally speaking, our country lacks natural resources.
= If we speak generally, our country lacks natural resources.
* Strictly speaking, he is not an artist.
= If we speak strictly, he is not an artist.
11. with + 목적어 + 분사 (부대상황) ⇒ 생생한 묘사적 효과.
① with + 목적어 + 현재분사. (목적어의 능동적 행동)
* He sat silently, and the cat was dozing at his feet.
= He sat silently, the cat dozing at his feet.
= He sat silently, with the cat dozing at his feet.
* It was a mistry morning, with little wind blowing.
= It was a mistry morning and little wind was blowing.
(바람이 거의 불지 않는 안개 낀 아침 이었다.)
→ 여기에서 with를 뺀다면 little wind blowing은 독립분사구문이다.
② with + 목적어 + 과거분사. (목적어의 수동적 행동)
* He stood there, and he closed his eyes.
= He stood there, closing his eyes.
= He stood there, and his eyes were closed by him.
= He stood there, his eyes (being) closed (by him).
= He stood there, with his eyes closed. (with 분사구문)
* With an eye bandaged, I could not write properly.
(한 눈을 붕대 감고 있었으므로 나는 글을 잘 쓸 수 없었다.)
③ with + 목적어 + 부사(구)
* I shall be lonely with you away. (당신이 멀리 떠나버린다면)
* with his feet on the pillow. (두 다리를 베게 위에 올려 놓은 채)
with his head against a cushion. (머리를 방석 위에 기댄 채)
④ with + 목적어 + 형용사.
* Don't speak with your mouth full. (입에 음식을 가득 넣은 채)
12. 문두에 나오는 주격보어
(Being을 보충하면 이유를 나타내는 분사구문이 된다.)
* Impatient of the heat, he left town for the country.
= Being impatient of ∼
(더위를 참을 수 없어서, 그는 도시를 떠나 시골로 내려갔다.)
* A man of social instincts, he had many acquaintances.
= Being a man of ∼
(사교성이 풍부한 사람이었으므로, 그는 아는 사람이 많았다
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