가장 쉬운 조동사의 내용별 기본 분류표
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Description | ||
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can, could (조동사의 King) |
Ability |
[can] could는 can의 과거(사실 예외) was(were) able to는 ‘실행’되었다는 면을 강조한 것 |
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Permission |
[can, could, may]: might는 넘 비굴해서 잘 안씀.) 정중함의 정도: can〈 could〈 may(넘 formal) 부정문(금지): <cannot, must not> 미국어는 cannot 선호 | |
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Request or Suggestion |
[can, could, will, would] could, would가 can, will보다 정중한 표현 | |
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필요, 의무 |
Necessary to do Commend |
[need to〈 have to〈 must〈 have got to, be to] have to: 다른 선택의 여지가 없다는 점을 강조한 표현 must: 권력, 지위가 위에 있는 사람이 쓸 수 있는 표현(상관 등) 의문문으로는 잘 쓰지 않는다. have got to: ve('s)의 축약형으로 쓰며, 의문문, 부정문에는 절대 안씀. 불필요(부정문)에는 don't need to, don't have to를 씀. |
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Advice |
[should = ought to〈 had better] should: 가장 보편적이고 널리 쓰이는 표현 ought to: should와 의미가 같고, 의문문에서는 절대 사용하지 않으며, 부정문에서도(ought not to)에서도 잘 사용하지 않는다. had better: 조언＋경고로서 의사 등이 잘 사용. | |
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추 측 |
Certainty <〓> Impossibility |
[must <〓> cannot, couldn't] 과거형은 must have p.p. <〓> cannot(couldn't) have p.p. is: 100%, must: 95%, may: 50%, cannot: 5%, isn't: 0% |
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Possibility |
[might, may, could]: ~일 수도 있다. - 가능성의 정도만 달라질 뿐 다 쓸 수 있다.(can없음) 과거형은 might(may, could) have p.p. might(could) have p.p.는 가정법적 의미로 쓰이는 경우도 있다. |
1. May, Might의 용법
①허락.
* May I smoke here?
- Yes, you may.
- No, you may (must) not.
②추측.
* He may be rich.
= It is possible that he is rich. (현재의 추측, may + 원형)
* He may have been rich.
= It is possible that he was rich. (과거의 추측, may have + p.p)
*가정법 과거완료 = might have + p.p.
* He may meet her. (= It is possible that he meets her.)
(그는 그를 만날지도 모른다; 현재의 추측)
He may have meet her. (= It is possible that he met her.)
(그는 그녀를 과거에 만났을지도 모른다; 과거의 추측)
He might have met her.
= He might have met her, if he had not been busy. (가정법 과거완료)
= He did not meet her, as he was busy. (직설법 과거)
③능력.
* Gather roses while you may. (시기를 놓치지 마라)
* A man may be known by his friends.
④기타용법.
* Whatever he may do he will not succeed.
No matter what he may do
Do what he will
* He may be called a poet, but he cannot be called a scholar.
* May be rest in peace ! (편히잠드소서!, 기원문)
* Might I ask your mane? (공손)
* He may well say so. (∼하는 것은 당연하다)
= He says so, and well he may.
= He has good reason to say so.
= It is natural that he should say so.
no wonder
a matter of course
not surprising
= I take it for granted that he says so.
◇ may + well + 원형동사: ∼하는 것은 당연하다.
과거: may well have + p.p.
* You may as well --+ begin at once.
might as well |
had better --+ → ∼하는게 좋다.
◇ may (might) as well A as B: B하느니 차라리 A하는게 낫다.
실현가능 : may ∼
실현불가능: might ∼
△You may as well not know a thing at all as know it imperfectly.
(그것을 불완전하게 아느니, 차라리 전혀 모르는 것이 낫다.)
You might as well reason with the wolf as try to persuade him.
(그를 설득하려고 시도하는 것은 이리를 설득하려는 것과 같다.)
2. Can
①능력.
* I can speak English. (현재시제 = be able to)
과거 : I was able to speak English.
미래 : I will be able to speak English.
현재완료: I have been able to speak English.
과거완료: I had been able to speak English.
미래완료: I will have been able to speak English.
◇ can의 과거: was able to.
be able to∼의 부정: be unable to∼
②추측, 강한 의혹.
* Who can he be? (도대체 누구일까?) (강한 부정적 추측)
* Can it be true? (도대체 그게 사실일까?) (강한 부정적 추측)
◇ can, cannot 등의 의문, 부정문에서 "도대체 ∼일까, ∼일리가 없
다"의 뜻을 나타내어 강한 의혹이나 부정적인 추측을 표현하는데 쓰
임.
* He cannot be honest. (현재의 추측, 그는 정직할리가 없다)
= It is impossible that he is honest.
* He cannot have been honest. (과거의 추측)
= It is impossible that he was honest.
◇ cannot이 추측을 나타낼 땐 과거형에 could not을 사용치 않고,
반드시 cannot + have + p.p. 형태를 사용할 것.
③기타.
* You can go home now. (허가)
* Could you show me the way to the station? (공손)
* We cannot be too careful of our health.
* We cannot praise him too much. (아무리 ∼해도 지나치지 않다)
3. Must
①필요, 의무 (must + 의지동사)
* You must go there.
= It is necessary that you should go there.
= It is necessary for you to go there.
◇ must의 부정어는 need not, do not need to, do not have to,
have not to 등이 있음.
* You must go there.
의: Do you have to go there?
과: You had to go there.
미: You will have to go there.
* You have only to do your duty. (∼하기만하면 된다)
②추측 (must + 무의지동사)
* He must be honest. (현재의 추측)
= I am sure that he is honest.
It is certain
= It is impossible that he is honest.
≠ He cannot be honest.
* He must have been honest. (과거의 추측)
= I am sure that he was honest.
= It is impossible that he was honest.
≠ He cannot have been honest.
③기타.
* He must needs come. (꼭 ∼한다고 고집하다)
* Sooner or later, death must come to us all!
(필연; 반드시 ∼하다. 조만간 죽음은 우리 모두에게 다가온다)
* You must not tell a lie. (금지; ∼해서는 안된다)
≠ You may tell a lie. (허가; ∼해도 좋다)
* I think that I must go.
과거: I thought that I must go.
4. Will, Would
① Will : 현재의 불규칙적 습관. (∼하곤하다)
Would: 과거의 불규칙적 습관. (∼하곤했다)
* He will often sit up reading all night.
* He would often come home drunk, and beat his wife.
②소망 (wish to, want to)
* He who would search for pearls, must dive deep.
* Would that I were young again!
Would to God
I wish
③거절, 고집.
* The door will not open. (현재의 고집)
* He would not help me. (과거의 고집)
④습관, 경향 (He"ll과 같이 생략형을 쓸 수가 없다)
* Accident will happen.
* Dogs will bark when they see a stranger.
⑤기타.
* This vessel will hold 2 gallons of water. (포용력)
* Would you pass me the salt? (공손)
* He would be about twenty, when he met her. (추측)
* He was a strong will. (그는 강한 의지를 갖고 있다)
* He made his will before his death.
◇ will이 명사로 쓰이면 "의지, 뜻, 의사, 유언" 등으로 쓰임.
* I would rather die (than) live in dishonor.
would sooner
had rather
= I would choose death before life in dishonor.
= I prefer dying to living in dishonor. (전치사 + 명사,동명사)
= I prefer to die rather than (to) live in dishonor.
= 불명예스럽게 사느니 죽는 것이 낫다.
5. Should Ⅰ
①의무 (should + 원형동사: ∼해야한다)
* The young should respect the old.
◇ "should + 동사원형"은 "ought to + 동사원형"과 마찬가지로 의무
"∼해야한다"의 뜻.
②과거의 비난, 유감, 후회 (should + have + p.p.; ∼했어야했는데)
* You should have worked harder.
ought to
= I am sorry (that) you didn"t work harder.
= I wish you had worked harder.
Would that
Would to God
If only
= You had to work harder, but you didn"t.
③강한의문, 놀람, 당연 (의문사 + should)
* Why should you stay in Seoul in this hot weather?
◇ should가 why, how, who 등의 의문문에서 강한 의문, 놀람, 당연
등으로 쓰이면 "도대체 ∼인가?"의 뜻.
* How should I know it? (수사의문문)
= I don"t know it at all.
◇ Who should A but b? : 도대체 누가 A하는가 했더니 다름아닌 바로 B이더라.
④이성적 판단의 should.
* It is natural that he should get angry.
= It is natural for him to get angry.
= He may well get angry.
◇ It is + 형 + that∼ 구문에서 형용사 necessary, import!ant,
natural, good, well, right, wrong, rational 등이 오면 that절
에 should를 사용한다. (해석할 필요는 없음)
⑤감정적 판단의 should.
* It is strange that she should cry all day long.
◇ It is 다음에 a pity, surprising, odd, strange, curious 등이
쓰이면 that∼에 should를 사용하며, "∼하다니"로 해석한다.
should + 동사원형 → 현재의 일.
should + have + p.p. → 과거의 일.
⑥기타.
* He should arrive by the 6:15 train. (추측)
* I should like to go to America once more. (완곡한 표현)
* Write it down in your notebook lest you should forget it.
* He lowered his voice for fear that he should be heard.
→ "∼하지 않도록", 자체 속에 부정의 뜻 포함. should 다음에 not
을 쓰지 않도록 주의 할 것.
6. Should Ⅱ
충고: advice, advisable. --+
주장: insist, demand. | + that + 주어 + should + 동사원형
소망: desire, expect. |
요구: require, request. |
제안: propose, move, suggest. |
명령: order. --+
* He insisted that he (should) go to the party.
= He insisted on (또는 upon) going to the party.
* I ordered that he (should) do it himself.
7. Ought to
①당연, 의무.
* You ought to start at once. (∼해야한다, should와 거의 같은 뜻)
* You ought not to say such things. (부정; ought not to∼)
②과거의 유감, 후회, 비난.
* You ought to have told me that matter yesterday.
= You should have told me that matter yesterday.
= I am sorry (that) you did not tell me that matter yesterday.
= I wish you had told me that matter yesterday.
(너는 어제 그일을 나에게 말했어야 했는데...)
◇ought to + have + p.p는 과거에 실행되지 못한 일에 대해 유감, 비난, 후회를 나
타내며 "∼했어야했는데"의 뜻을 갖는다.
* He ought to have arrived at Seoul Station by now.
(그는 지금쯤 마땅히 서울역에 도착해있을거야; 당연한 추측)
③미래의 추측.
* It ought to be rainy tomorrow. (당연히 ∼일 것이다)
8. Dare
* I dare not to go there.
* How are you say such a thing to my face?
(내 면전에서 네가 감히 나에게 그런 말을 할 수 있겠는가?)
◇부정문, 의문문에서 조동사로 쓰여 "감히 ∼하다"
* He does not dare to tell us.
◇ dare to do : 본동사로서 "감히 ∼하다"
* I dare say = probably = perhaps = maybe = 아마.
9. Need
* daily needs: 일용품.
* immediate needs: 당장 필요한 것들.
* The house is in need of repair. (명사로 필요, 소용, 결핍의 뜻)
◇in need of∼: ∼에 필요한. ◇in need: 곤경에 빠져있는.
* He needs your help. (본동사, 그는 너의 도움을 필요로 한다)
* He need not go there. (조동사)
= He does not need to go there. (본동사)
* He need not have written to her again.
(그는 그녀에게 편지를 다시 쓸 필요가 없었는데...(그런데도 썼다))
He did not need to write to her again.
(그는 그녀에게 편지를 다시 쓸 필요가 없었다.(썼는지의 여부는 모름))
◇need not have + p.p.: ∼할 필요가 없었는데 ∼를 했다.
did not need to∼ : ∼할 필요가 없었다, 그래서 ∼하지 않았다.
10. Used to
① use가 명사, 동사로 쓰일 때.
* You use your legs when you walk. (동사, [ju:z])
* The telephone is of no use in this town. (명사, [ju:s])
* use up = exhaust: 다 써 버리다.
of no use = useless: 소용이 없는.
② used to + 동사원형.
* I used to get up early. ([ju:st], 과거의 규칙적 습관)
= I was in the habit of getting up early.
= I made it a rule to get up early.
= I made a point of getting up early.
= I made it a point to get up early.
* There used to be a big tree here. (과거의 상태)
③ be used to + 명사, 동명사.
* He is used to driving a car.
= He is accustomed to drive a car.
driving a car.
◇ be used to 다음에 반드시 명사 또는 동명사가 오며 "∼에 익숙하다"의 뜻.
그러나 be accustomed to 다음엔 동사원형 또는 명사나 동명사가 모두 쓰임.
※조동사의 용법 및 구동사 조동사
1.He suggested to go there. (X) ->suggest ~ing
그는 거기 가라고 제안했다.
2.He advised to go there. (X) ->advise ~ing
그는 거기 가보라고 충고했습니다.
*advise : give your opinion to someone about the best thing to do in the particular situation.(조언하다/충고하다 advise someone to do something)/
tell someone facts or information that they need to know.(공지하다 ex. The committee will advise all applicants of its decision by June 30th.
3.She insisted to go there. (X)->insist on ~ing
그녀는 거기에 가야 한다고 주장했다.
4.She is considering to go there. (X)->consider ~ing
그녀는 거기 갈 생각을 하고 있다.
제가 왜 해고 되었는지 이유를 알아야겠습니다.(Tell me why I was fired.)
I demand to know why I was fired.
/ I claim to know why I was fired. ->저는 왜 해고당했는지 알고있습니다.
*claim : say that something is true, even though there is no definite proof.
어떤 사실이나 생각을 말하다.
Ex) The report claimed that hundreds of civilians had crossed the border to escape the fighting. 그 기사는 수백만의 민간인들이 전투를 피해국경을 넘었다고 보도했습니다.
He claims he is innocent. 그는 죄가 없다고 말한다.
The organization claims to represent more than 20,000 firms.
그 단체는 2만 이상의 기업들을 대표한다고 말한다.
*demand : say in a very firm way that you want something./ ask a question in a very firm way or angry way. 요구사항을 말하다,강력히 요구하다. /꼬치꼬치 캐묻다.
E.g.) Angry congressmen are demanding an inquiry into the deal.
화가 난 시의원들은 그 비밀거래의 진상조사를 강력히 요구하고 있다.
She demanded to know what was happening.
그녀는 무슨 일이 일어났는지를 알아야만 했다.
“Where do you think you’re going?” she demanded.
“넌 어디 갈 거야?” 그녀는 꼬치꼬치 캐물었다.
I claim to know why I got dumped.-> 저는 실현 당한 이유를 알고 있습니다.
Point 1. Decide to 를 조동사처럼 외우자!
hope to/want to/wish to +동사원형
Point 2. Listening comprehension!!!
I can’t afford to buy a *Mercedes (Bents). *발음:멀쎄이디즈.
벤츠 살 돈이 없다.
We all agree to stop for the night.
하루 밤 묵기로 했다. (일박하기로 했다)
She asked to hear his story.
그녀는 그의 이야기를 해달라고 했다.
I don’t care to discuss it ever again. ( I don’t want to~.)
다시는 그 문제에 관해서 얘기하고 싶지 않습니다.
She claimed to know the truth.
그녀는 진실을 안다고 했다.
She demanded to know the truth. (Let me know the truth.)
그녀는 사실을 알고자 했다.
She deserves to be appointed to the position. (~할 자격이 있다. She is worth being appointed to the position. / The position is worth being given to her. )
그녀는 그 자리/직책에 임명될만하다.
I expected to be paid over 300 dollars.
나는 300달러 이상 받을 줄 알았다.
She failed to win an Oscar (award ) as Best actress.
그녀는 오스카 여우주연상을 받지 못했다.
I managed to be paid the bills, but it was hard.
먹고 살고는 있지만, 참 산다는 건 힘든 일이었다.
*manage : success in doing something, especially something that needs a lot of effort or skill or that you do not really want to do.해내다, 그럭저럭 해내다 /deal successfully with a problem or difficult situation. 해결하다 /organize and control the work of a company, organization, or group of people. 운영하다 ,관리하다/be able to provide something such as money or time. 시간/돈을 내다/제공하다.
I didn’t mean to hurt you.
네 마음을 아프게 하고 싶지 않았는데! (I’m sorry that I’m hurt you.)
I meant to call you.
전화하려고 했는데! (I’m sorry that I didn’t call you.)
He threatened to get me sacked.
그는 나를 잘라버리겠다고 협박했다.
Point 3.
세 단어짜리 조동사!
Be able to
When you’re going to San Francisco, be sure to wear some flowers in your hair.
I’ll be sure to wear some flowers in my hair.
꼭 꽃을 꽂을 거예요.
I was curious to know what she has done. (I really want to know~.)
그녀가 무슨 일을 했는지 너무너무 알고싶었다.
I’m anxious to suggest selling the share now. (I really want to~.)
지금 당장 그 주식을 팔라고 권하고 싶습니다.
(cf. I’m anxious /worried/concerned about~: ~를 걱정하다.)
I’m eager to suggest selling now.
I’m keen to suggest selling now.
She’s reluctant to go there. (She really doesn’t want to~.)
그녀는 거기 가려고 하지 않는다.
QUIZ> Aren't you supposed to be cleaning up your rooms?
내 방 청소 않할거니? 같은 것은?
a. Should you be cleaning up your rooms?
네 방청소는 네가 해야하지 않을까?
b. Shouln't you be cleaning up your rooms?
네 방청소 않하니?
c. Must you be cleaning up your rooms?
네 방청소 해야지?
d. Should I be cleaning up your rooms?
내가 당신의 방청소를 해야하나요?
1.should 뒷얘기?
Why should we go there? 왜 우리가 거기 가야하나요?(가기 싫어서 따지는...)
Should we go there? 우리가 가야 하나요? (가기 싫은 뉘앙스)
Shouldn't we go there? 우리 거기 않가요? (가고 싶은 뉘앙스)
* 댓거리 한판?
Aren't you supposed to be cleaning up your rooms?
Mommy, we forgot!
Forgot?
How could you forget? I told you to do it when you came home from school.
I reminded you to do it an hour after that ,and i reminded you to do again,
And Argh! an hour after that , how many times do i have to say that/remind you to?
I'm not going to repeat myself!
2. Don't forget to bring your pencils.필기구 잊지 마세요.(꼭 가져가세요!)
You're to bring your pencils.(you must bring your pencils.)
- 필기구 지참요!(군대식 표현)
Be sure to bring your calculators.
Make sure to bring your calulators.
Feel free to say/post to what you want/feel/think.걱정마시고 편안하게 말씀하세요.
Don't be hesitant to join us.주저마시고 함께하세요.
*기억을 더듬어 배운 내용을 한번 연상해보세요!
Should/had better
should have done
I'd rather/like to want to/hope to
would you /will you /would you mind/may you?
I forgot to do sth
used to/would
will/be sure to
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